BMJ 2002;325:569 ( 14 September )
Observational study of vaccine efficacy 14 years after trial of hepatitis B vaccination in
Gambian children
Hilton Whittle, deputy director, a Shabbar Jaffar, senior lecturer, b Michael Wansbrough,
MSc student, b Maimuna Mendy, senior scientific officer, a Uga Dumpis, visiting research
fellow, Riga University, a Andrew Collinson, clinical scientist, a Andrew Hall, professor.
b
a Medical Research Council Laboratories, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia, b London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT
Correspondence to: H Whittle hwhittle@mrc.gm
Objective: To determine the duration of protection from hepatitis B vaccine given in
infancy and early childhood.
Design: Cross sectional serological study of hepatitis B virus infection in children of
various ages 14 years after the start of a trial of vaccination regimens.
Setting: Two villages in the Gambia.
Participants: Children and adolescents given hepatitis B vaccine in infancy or early
childhood: 232 were aged 1-5 years, 225 aged 5-9 years, 220 aged 10-14 years, and 175 aged
15-19 years. Main outcome measures: Vaccine efficacy against infection and against chronic
infection in the different age groups.
Results: Vaccine efficacy against chronic carriage of hepatitis B virus was 94% (95%
confidence interval 89% to 97%), which did not vary significantly between the age groups.
Efficacy against infection was 80% (76% to 84%). This was significantly lower in the
oldest age group (65%, 56 to 73). Of the uninfected participants in this age group, 36%
had no detectable hepatitis B virus surface antibody. Time since vaccination and a low
peak antibody response were the most powerful risk factors for breakthrough infection
(P<0.001 in each case). Low peak antibody response was also a risk factor for chronic
carriage (odds ratio 95, 19 to 466).
Conclusions: Children vaccinated in
infancy are at increased risk of hepatitis B virus infection in the late teens. The risk of chronic carriage after sexual exposure needs
further assessment to determine if booster vaccines are necessary.
Acute Hepatitis B Infection after Vaccination
Lancet Vol 345 Jan 1995
Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome After Hepatitis B Vaccine
American J of Ophthalmology Vol 122 No 3 [2pgs]
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Vaccination Against Hepatitis B
Nephron 1992; 62 [1pg]
Postmarketing Surveillance for Neurologic Adverse Events Reported After HepB Vaccination
American J of Epidemiology Vol 127 no 2 [16pgs]
Severe Acute Hepatitis B Infection After VaccinationLiver Dysfunction and DNA Antibodies
After Hepatitis B Vaccination Thrombocytopenic Purpura After Recombinant Hepatitis B
Vaccine Lancet Vol 344 [2pgs]
Central Nervous System Demyelination after Immunization with Recombinant Hep B Vaccine
Lancet Vol 338 1991 [2pgs]
VAERS reports show
numerous deaths and serious reactions.
"The total 24,775 VAERS hepatitis B
reports from July 1990 to October 31, 1998 show 439 deaths and 9673 serious reactions
involving emergency room visits, hospitalization, disablement or death.........The hep B
adverse event cover-up is way bigger then the AHP diet-drug cover up."--Michael
Belkin
Don't forget that doctors only report from
2-10% of adverse reactions.
"Before the latest round of
injections, we had 205 parents contact us over a 5 year period....But only seven of those
cases have been officially reported by doctors (3.4%)."---Jacki Fletcher of JABS (MMR vaccine)
You don't need package inserts of VAERS
reports to find out about the vaccines adverse reactions. There are numerous
citations (which seem more than any other vaccine) along with numerous personal
testimonies
According to a recent federal government
study, serious adverse events after the vaccine -including 48 deaths - are reported three
times as frequently as cases of hepatitis B in children under the age of 14.
"The statistic that is often quoted is
that there are 25,000 kids are infected with Hepatitis B. After repeatedly asking
the question as to how the CDC arrived at this number, Harold S. Margolis, MD, Chief of
the Hepatitis Branch of the CDC finally admitted that 25,000 kids is simply an estimate.
They have no hard proof that there are definitely 25,000 kids with Hepatitis B.
2. According to Harold S. Margolis, MD, Chief of the Hepatitis Branch of the CDC, in 1997
there were 95 children under the age of 2 in the United States who were diagnosed with
Hepatitis B. According to Susan Ellenberg, PhD, Director of the Division of
Biostatistics and Epidimiology, FDA stated in the same year, 1997, that there were
43 deaths following the vaccine in children under the age of 2. She would
not state that the vaccine caused the death but did acknowledge that the deaths occurred
shortly after the vaccine and there was an "association" between the children's
deaths and the vaccine. She was very careful of her wording.
3. Amazingly, according to Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (1994), "90-95%
of all hepatitis B cases recover completely after 3-4 weeks of nausea, fatigue,
headache, arthritis, jaundice and tender liver." I keep remembering the
children who died and how they will NEVER recover.
4. Neither Dr. Margolis nor Dr. Ellenberg would answer the question as to whether the
risks of the vaccine outweigh the benefits from the vaccine."--Lisa F. Reiss
5. Hepatitis B is
primarily an adult disease, risk is highly dependent on lifestyle,
i.e.multiple sex partners, drug abuse or an occupation with exposure to blood, yet it is
now given to children.
"The risk factors include: sexually
active heterosexual adults with more than one sex partner in the prior six months or a
history of sexually transmitted disease; homosexual and bisexual men; illicit injection
drug users; persons at occupational risk of infection; hemodialysis patients; household
and sex contacts of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection; and infants born to
hepatitis B infected women."--Dr Waisbren MD
Does that look like a profile for the
vaccination of babies with this vaccine? It isn't but they want to save your
child from future liver cancer and what better chance do they have than to give it (and
take the money) with the other childhood vaccines?
6. The AIDS
"virus" was introduced into the American population via a hepatitis B
vaccine experiment
7. As vaccine
mandates have increased in the USA so it's child mortality has increased.
"In 1950 (before mass immunizations
began), the USA had the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world. By 1986, the USA
dropped to 17th place. In 1995 the USA dropped to 23rd and now the USA has dropped to the
appalling position of 24th in the health of its children. But the USA is now first in
vaccine compliance through government mandates."--Patti White RN
"The cot deaths increase occurred
THREE MONTHS after the introduction of the nationwide blanket administration of the first
Hepatitis B vaccine immediately after birth."--Hilary Butler
8. People generally
assume that vaccines are put through vigorous safety studies.
Not this one, some supervised by Merck employees:
"A small but growing minority of
physicians and scientists are becoming aware that safety testings for the various vaccines
have been woefully inadequate. As one of many examples, in 1994, a special committee of
the National Academy of Sciences published a comprehensive review of the vaccine safety of
the hepatitis B vaccine. When the committee investigated 5 possible and plausible adverse
effects, they were unable to come to any conclusion for 4 of them because, to their
dismay, they found that relevant safety research had not been done."--Harold Buttram MD
"In 1994 a special committee of the
Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences published a comprehensive review
of vaccine safety which had been commissioned by federal law. Of five possible and
plausible adverse effects of the hepatitis B vaccination which the committee investigated,
they were unable to come to any conclusion for four of them because they found to their
dismay that the relevant research had not been done!"---Incao's Hepatitis B Vaccination Testimony
"No one could tell us what's wrong,
but they do spout about how safe this vaccine is. Then they get very quiet when I ask them
if they reviewed the safety studies."--Sherry Wied
"I have minutes from a CDC Study Group
Meeting on the Hepatitis B vaccine held in March, 1997. The minutes of the meeting show
that it would take at least a 60 day study to show the onset of MS. Clinical studies done
by the two manufacturers were four and five days in length, respectively. It should be
noted that the afternoon session of this meeting was chaired by Dr. Robert Sharrar of
Merck."--Betty D. Fluck
http://www.whale.to/vaccine/point.html
| Epidemiol Infect. 2000 Dec;125(3):693-9. |
A severe and explosive outbreak of hepatitis B in a
rural population in Sirsa district, Haryana, India: unnecessary therapeutic injections
were a major risk factor.
Singh J, Gupta S, Khare S, Bhatia R, Jain
DC, Sokhey J.
National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Delhi, India.
Most outbreaks of viral hepatitis in India are caused by hepatitis E. This report
describes an outbreak of hepatitis B in a rural population in Haryana state in 1997. At
least 54 cases of jaundice occurred in Dhottar village (population 3096) during a period
of 8 months; 18 (33.3%) of them died. Virtually all fatal cases were adults and tested
positive for HBsAg (other markers not done). About 88% (21/24) of surviving cases had
acute or persistent HBV/HCV infections; 54% (13/24) had acute hepatitis B. Many other
villages reported sporadic cases and deaths. Data were pooled from these villages for
analysis of risk factors. Acute
hepatitis B cases had received injections before illness more frequently (11/19) than those found negative for acute or
persistent HBV/HCV infections (3/17) (P = 0.01). Although a few cases had other risk
factors, these were equally prevalent in two groups. The results linked the outbreak to the use of unnecessary therapeutic
injections.
PMID: 11218219 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11218219
| Arch Intern Med. 1990 Sep;150(9):1923-7. |
An outbreak of hepatitis B associated with jet injections in a weight
reduction clinic.
Canter J, Mackey K, Good LS, Roberto RR,
Chin J, Bond WW, Alter MJ, Horan JM.
Division of Field Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.
From January 1984 through November 1985, 31 clinical cases of hepatitis B occurred among
attendees of a weight reduction clinic (clinic 1). Before the onset of illness, each
case-patient had received a series of injections of human chorionic gonadotropin
administered by jet injectors at clinic 1. Clinical history, risk factor assessment,
serologic evaluation, and review of clinic injection records were obtained on 287 (84%) of
341 persons who had attended clinic 1 in the first 6 months of 1985. Of this cohort, 21%
(60/287) had evidence of acute infection with hepatitis B virus (either documented
clinical cases or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, IgM positive). Of persons who had
been given human chorionic gonadotropin at the clinic during the period studied, 24%
(57/239) of those receiving human chorionic gonadotropin only by jet injector experienced
acute hepatitis B virus infection. None of the 22 persons who had received injections only
by syringe experienced hepatitis B virus infection. Stopping the use of the jet injectors
on July 2, 1985, at clinic 1, was associated with the termination of this outbreak. This
investigation demonstrated that jet injectors can become contaminated with hepatitis B virus and then may be vehicles for
its transmission. (So, what's the difference between the the hepatitis
B vaccine and a vaccine "contaminated" with Hepatitis B?)
PMID: 2393323 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2393323
| Lancet. 1975 Aug 2;2(7927):221-3. |
An outbreak of hepatitis associated with
intravenous injection of factor-VIII concentrate.
Craske J, Dilling N, Stern D.
An outbreak of jaundice associated with three out of four batches of a commercial brand of
freeze-dried factor-VIII concentrate occurred at the Bournemouth haemophilia centre
between April and June, 1974. Seven cases of non-B hepatitis and four of hepatitis B
occurred within 6 months of the first use of this product. Two patients contracted both
types of hepatitis; thus nine patients became ill out of a total of twenty regularly seen
at the centre, eighteen of whom received commercial factor-VIII concentrate.
PMID: 51975 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=51975
| Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1979;13(2):177-86. |
An outbreak of hepatitis attributable to inoculation
with contaminated gamma globulin.
Morgado AF, da Fonte JG.
PMID: 88240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=88240
