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Evolution of Vaccines

according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Word of caution:  some of the descriptions may appear disturbing....because they are.

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Development
Evolution of Vaccines


Over 200 years ago, English physician Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids stricken with a viral disease called cowpox were rarely victims of a similar disease, smallpox. This observation led to the development of the first vaccine. In an experiment that was to prove a revelation, Jenner took a few drops of fluid from a pustule of a woman who had cowpox and injected the fluid into a healthy young boy who had never had cowpox or smallpox. Six weeks later, Jenner injected the boy with fluid from a smallpox pustule, but the boy remained free of the dreaded smallpox.

In those days, a million people died from smallpox each year in Europe alone, most of them children. Those who survived were often left with grim reminders of their ordeals: blindness, deep scars, and deformities. When Jenner laid the foundation for modern vaccines in 1796, he started on a course that would ease the suffering of people around the world. By the beginning of this century, vaccines for rabies, diphtheria, typhoid fever, and plague were in use, in addition to the vaccine for smallpox. By 1980, an updated version of Jenner=s vaccine led to the total eradication of smallpox.

Since Jenner's time, vaccines have been developed against more than 20 infectious diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, whooping cough, rubella, rabies, meningitis, and hepatitis B. Due to tremendous advances in molecular biology, scientists are using novel approaches to develop vaccines against deadly diseases that still plague humankind.

Scientists use vaccines to trick the human immune system into producing antibodies or immune cells that protect against the real disease-causing organism. Weakened microbes, killed microbes, and inactivated toxins are the most common components used in vaccine development strategies. As science advances, researchers are developing even better ones.

Traditional Vaccines

Weakened Microbes. Live microbes are weakened by growing them for many generations in animals or in tissue cultures in the laboratory. These weakened microbes can be innoculated into humans to provide protection from their disease-causing counterparts. The oral polio vaccine, as well as vaccines for mumps, measles, and rubella, have been developed from weakened microbes. Experimental vaccines for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are being tested in clinical trials.

Killed Microbes. A number of other vaccines have been developed from whole organisms that have been killed. These inactivated vaccines do not cause disease in people who receive them, but they can stimulate the immune system. Such vaccines in use today include those against polio and influenza.

Inactivated Toxins. Some bacteria cause disease by producing toxins that invade the bloodstream. Inactivated toxins have been used successfully to prevent diseases such as tetanus and diphtheria since the early 1900s.

New and Second-Generation Vaccines

Subunit Vaccines. Recent research has focused on developing vaccines that use only part of the bacterium or virus. These vaccines, called subunit vaccines, produce an effective immune response without stirring up separate and potentially harmful immune reactions to the many antigens carried on a microbe. Subunit vaccines are currently available for typhoid, and hepatitis b. An acellular pertussis subunit vaccine has been demonstrated to be effective in preventing whopping cough in babies and young children. Although not considered subunit vaccines, vaccine candidates using only the outer polysaccharide coat of the bacterium have been developed for meningitis and pneumonia.

Conjugate Vaccines. Bacterial diseases such as pneumonia and meningitis once caused considerable illness and death among babies and children in the United States. Bacteria that cause these diseases have an outer coat that cannot be recognized by the immature immune systems of young infants and, therefore, vaccines made from these bacteria are not effective in babies. Researchers have devised a way to produce vaccines that link together proteins or inactivated toxins from a second organism to the outer coat of the bacteria. This enables a baby's immune system to respond to the combined vaccine and produce antibodies, initiating an immune response against the disease-causing organism. The first licensed conjugate vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), the major cause of bacterial meningitis in babies and young children, has virtually eliminated the disease in the United States.

Vaccines Through Biotechnology

Advances in biotechnology are enabling scientists to change the genetic structure of infectious microbes for use in vaccine development. In these so-called Arecombinant@ vaccines, researchers alter an organism's genetic structure by snipping out a key gene, thereby allowing the organism to produce immunity but not disease. In contrast, researchers can insert a gene into an organism's genetic material, causing it to mass produce "foreign" proteins, or antigens, which can be used to induce an immune response. In another approach, DNA is removed from an organism and modified so that it contains only a fragment of the original genetic material. Scientists theorize that when this "naked" DNA is innoculated into humans, the body's own cells will use it to generate antigens to protect against disease. Such DNA vaccines could potentially result in lifelong protection and are being tested in humans against malaria, influenza, and HIV.

Genome Sequencing. Numerous projects are under way to sequence the genetic instructions, or genomes, of disease-causing microbes. NIH-supported researchers have reported the complete genomic sequence of several agents, including chlamydia, syphilis, tuberculosis, and of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The new genomic sequence data provide important insights into the components of these organisms that might be incorporated into candidate vaccines.

Edible Vaccines. In a recent study, researchers found that an edible vaccine could safely and effectively trigger an immune response against the Escherichia coli bacterium, which causes diarrhea. Scientists are now attempting to genetically engineer potatoes, bananas, and tomatoes that, when eaten, will initiate an immune response against harmful intestinal bacteria and viruses.

NIH, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:  http://www.niaid.nih.gov/default.htm


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This page last modified on February 28, 2000

 

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wpe7F.jpg (21898 bytes)The Center of Disease Control and Prevention, along with the National Institute for Health, make a clear cut warning of the dangers of food borne diseases such as E Coli.  There are several types.  Harmless strains can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans and warm-blooded animals.  The disease-causing strains cause intestinal and urinary-genital tract infections.  Some of these strains cause diarrhea disease with the most dangerous being the enterohemorrhagi E. coli, or EHEC which is often the cause of bloody diarrhea potentially leading to failure of the kidney in children and those already immuno compromised.  Other symptoms include nausea, severe abdominal cramps, watery or bloody diarrhea, weakness and occasional vomiting.  Symptoms commonly start from 2 to 5 days after eating contaminated food and may last for 8 days.

The most common of the harmful strains in America is named O157:H7 of which cattle are the main source.  The name refers to chemical compounds found on the surface of the bacterium.  This type produces one or more related and powerful toxins known to severely damage intestinal lining.  The toxins produced by E. Coli that cause kidney damage are called Shiga toxins.

Other types found in America known to cause disease in the human body are

O26:H11

O111:H8

E. coli bacteria and its toxins have been found to be transmitted from

  • undercooked or raw hamburgers
  • salami
  • alfalfa sprouts
  • lettuce
  • unpasteurized milk
  • apple juice
  • apple cider
  • contaminated well water
  • chlorinated/unchlorinated pools contaminated with human feces
  • sewage-contaminated water

A serious complication of EHEC is called Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).  This is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children.  Children are particularly prone to this complication as the result of the presence of E. Coli in vaccines that are manufactured using bovine (of cow) albumin and or serum proteins.  The vaccines that use the cow protein are chicken pox, Hepatitis A, Polio  and the DTaP.  The most dangerous cases call for blood transfusions and kidney dialysis.

The National Institute of Health has been conducting an ongoing project in which they are able to identify every genome sequence of bacteria.  While conducting this project with one of the dangerous strains of E. Coli, the results suggest that this bacteria picks up new DNA from other bacteria and bacterial viruses.  This behavior may explain the virulence of the strain and why it's incredibly hard to treat. There are over 5,000 genes in a virulent strain of E. Coli.  Researchers have found that the common strain O157:H7 contains more than 1,000 genes than the harmless strains.  Many of the genes appear to have been transferred from other bacteria and indicate that E Coli acquires foreign genes at a much faster rate than other organisms.   The reason why O157:H7 may be hard to treat is because certain antibiotics used against E. Coli have been discovered to cause the virally infected bacteria to produce more viruses and viral toxins.  Thus, exacerbating (increasing) the problem.

While vaccines containing E. Coli clearly present a health problem to vaccinated children, literally eating contaminated food with E Coli has also posed a serious threat to the human body.   Close to 75,000 infections are caused by the O157:H7 strain every year in the United States.  The most dangerous infections are documented to take place with children. 

The live oral polio vaccine wasn't the success media and medical doctors chant.  However, when studying the history of the vaccine one can find that, in reality, the polio vaccine is the primary cause of outbreaks past.   From Rev. Alan Phillips: "Six New England states reported increases in polio one year after the Salk vaccine was introduced, ranging from more than doubling in Vermont to Massachusetts’ astounding increase of 642%; other states reported increases as well. The incidence in Wisconsin increased by a factor of five. Idaho and Utah actually halted vaccination due to the increased incidence and death rate....During 1962 U.S. Congressional hearings, Dr. Bernard Greenberg, head of the Dept. of Biostatistics for the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, testified that not only did the cases of polio increase substantially after mandatory vaccinations—a 50% increase from 1957 to 1958, and an 80% increase from 1958 to 1959—but that the statistics were deliberately manipulated by the Public Health Service to give the opposite impression.(52) It is important to understand that the polio vaccine was not universally accepted, at least initially.  Despite this, polio declined both in European countries that refused mass vaccination as well as in those that employed it. 

Jonas Salk, inventor of the IPV, testified before a Senate subcommittee that nearly all polio outbreaks since 1961 were caused by the oral polio vaccine. At a workshop on polio vaccines sponsored by the Institute of Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dr. Samuel Katz of Duke University cited the estimated 8-10 annual U.S. cases of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) in people who have taken the oral polio vaccine, and the [four year] absence of wild polio from the western hemisphere. Jessica Scheer of the National Rehabilitation Hospital Research Center in Washington, D.C., pointed out that most parents are unaware that polio vaccination in this country entails "a small number of human sacrifices each year." Compounding this contradiction are low adverse event reporting and the NVIC’s experiences with confirming and correcting misdiagnoses of vaccine reactions, which suggest that the actual number of VAPP "sacrifices" may be 10 to 100 times higher than that cited by the CDC. For these reasons, the live polio virus is no longer in widespread use.

So, what's the difference between E. Coli contaminated food and genetically engineered produce containing E. Coli?  Common sense sees that as mad science intentionally poisoning under the guise of "edible vaccines" in what will literally be their experiment of this dangerous contaminate.   After considering the flawed history of the Oral Salk Vaccine, we can certainly count on a catastrophe with this.  We can count on increased symptoms typical of E. coli infections.  We can also count on the continuing deaths of children.

Taken from Robert C. Reisinger, D.V.M., M.S.

In the only appropriate study thus far reported of the gastrointestinal microflora of human infant victims of SIDS, Bendig and Haenel7 reported finding an abnormal microbial flora in the intestinal tract, including greatly increased numbers of E. coli in the proximal small intestine, of 24 out of 29 cases. "Only in three infants did there exist normal, eubiotic relations." Beller and Graeff1 have demonstrated in the rabbit that continuous i.v. injection of very small amounts (50 mmg/kg/hr.) of E. coli endotoxin up to 14 hours results in quiet death which occurs at varying lengths of time after injection has begun, although some few rabbits do not die. There is a decrease in platelets and fibrinogen, so that after six hours, the blood does not clot. Animals which die early have few or no lesions, those which die somewhat later show varying amounts of edema and petechial hemorrhage of the lungs. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is observed only in rabbits which die eight hours or longer after infusion began. This extremely relevant experiment beautifully demonstrates the varying susceptibility of individual animals at various times to endotoxin effect, and the variety of lesions which may be produced from very little or nothing to moderate to severe. The pathology is consistent to that reported in SIDS in the human, the calf and other mammalian species.5,6

Deaths can occur within several hours after the feeding of an apparently healthy normal calf.4,10 Pathologic lesions at autopsy are absent or minimal, as in the crib-death syndrome in the human infant. Experimentally, the diarrhea syndrome can be precipitated by exposure to various viruses, cold and wet, avitaminous A, etc. – any "adverse contributing factor" that impairs optimal reticuloendothelial and/or gastrointestinal function. A feature of many cases of the calf-diarrhea syndrome is labored breathing (pneumonic signs without pneunionic lesions), but this disappears when, by appropriate antibiotic therapy, excessive numbers of E. coli are cleared from the digestive tract.

Death may occur in calves before diarrhea is evident. Writing of diarrhea in the human infant, McKay and Smith11 stated that "An occasional infant may go into shock and die from water and electrolyte loss into the intestinal lumen before a diartheal stool is passed." It is difficult to accept that lethal loss of water and electrolytes could occur without evidence of diarrhea, and bacterial endotoxin action is probably occurring in such cases.

The celiac crisis, "an acute medical emergency and a severe and immediate threat to the patient's life" is often triggered by upper respiratory infection. The child is prostrate, drowsy and dehydrated, and has the chemical and laboratory manifestations of acidosis.12

Severe pneumonias of unexplained etiology in young children have been referred to as "missed cot deaths", and the signs and course of the disease, as well as the described pathology, are compatible with known endotoxin effects.

Some factors common to many cases of SIDS, the respiratory-distress syndrome, and endotoxin shock are hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, acidosis, thrombocytopenia, noncoagulability of blood, early respiratory signs without appropriate lesions, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage by diapedesis, fast, weak pulse, and circulatory collapse. It is more illogical to consider these similarities as fortuitous than to realize the probability, or at least possibility, of a common cause or mechanism.

Milk

There is a great deal of evidence to indicate that the breast-fed baby is relatively healthier, suffers less allergy, respiratory, enteric and other disease, and less mortality than his bottle-fed counterpart.11,13-17

SIDS is preponderently a disease of the bottle-fed infant. Coombs18 stated that if SIDS were relatively as common in the breast-fed as in the bottle-fed infant he should have had 17 breast-fed cases in his series, whereas at that time he had not one. Johnstone and Lawry19 reported, "In the 46 cases where the type of feeding is definitely known all but two were fed on dried cow's milk. The two exceptions were aged four and eight days." Tonkin reported that in her series of 86 SIDS cases, only two were breast-fed. Since twenty-five percent of her control population were breast fed, she should have had 21 cases of SIDS in breast-fed infants, if the risk were the same in both breast-fed and bottle-fed. Steele20 reported SIDS to be significantly related to feeding other than at the breast.

The data of Rivera21, concerning feeding of infants in low income families attending a New York City clinic indicate that more than 30 per cent of two-month-old infants were fed evaporated milk formulas. and an additional 20 per cent or more were fed on fresh cow's milk. These data are interesting and probably significant when coupled with various reports of epidemiological studies in various countries indicating a significant increased incidence of SIDS in low income groups.

In rural Chile, infant mortality rose with income. It is reported that with higher income and better education, weaning was practiced earlier and more infants were fed by bottle only. The National Health Service of Chile attempts to provide all weanlings and preschool children with dried cow's milk.

There are important differences between bacterial flora, pH, and physical characteristics of the intestinal contents of human infants fed human milk and those fed cow's milk.13,22,23 Due to its high content of calcium and protein and its lower content of lactose, cow's milk fed to the human infant raises the E. coli count in the large intestine approximately 1,000-fold (from 106-107 /g to 109-1010 /g), raises the pH from acid (4.5-5.6) to alkaline (7.0-8.0), makes curds hard and coarse instead of soft and fine, and makes bowel movements relatively infrequent. Characteristics of a healthy human infant on human milk are a relative low coliform count, acid pH, soft, fine curds, and frequent bowel movements. Even if there were no SIDS, use of cow's milk or any other formula during the first six months of age is against all scientific reason to produce the optimally healthy child and the healthy adult he should become.

Although SIDS is primarily a disease of the bottle-fed infant, it does occur in fully breast-fed infants. Relatively long term studies on the fecal flora of breast-fed infants show that the numbers of E. coli may increase intermittently for variable periods of time, but they seldom achieve or maintain numbers characteristic of the cow's milk-fed infant. Thus the breast-fed infant is presumably at high risk for shorter periods of time.

Evidence accumulated in studies of the young of various mammalian species, including the human infant, indicates that the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is not a disease entity, but a peracute, lethal manifestation of other disease syndromes, including gastroenteritis and respiratory disease.

The "endotoxin theory" does not detract from, but is additive to, several other theories postulated for SIDS, such as sudden vagal storms and other malfunctions of the autonomic nervous system, apnea. anoxia, allergy to cow's milk, overwhelming viral, bacterial, or mixed infection, etc.

It is not claimed that the "endotoxin theory" will explain all cases of SIDS, but it is believed that endotoxins, and other bacterial toxins, are directly involved in a high percentage of these cases.


Ode to National Infant Immunization Week:  Stick It
      By Ana Phylaxis
 

I actually don't mind green eggs and ham.
It's vaccines I don't like, Uncle Sam.
 
Too many children have paid the price
for harmful and deceptive immunization advice.[1]
 
There is more to health than preventing infections
with dozens of toxic and dangerous injections.   
 
You purposefully ignore all of the parents' cries
that autism, asthma and diabetes continue to rise. [2]
 
Since the word "safe" implies "free from harm",
I'll choose what's injected into my child's arm.
 
I do not want them up my nose, [3]
or spliced into my potatoes. [4]
 
I will not drink them in a glass. [5]
I will not let you stick my @$$. [6]
 
I do not want them for any reason;
not even in your "worst" flu season. [7]
 
For decades now you've been trying to hide,
the dangers of mercury and formaldehyde. [8]
 
You won't do the research to try to explain
why vaccines sometime ruin a developing brain. [9]
 
Yet you tell us to just say no to drugs,
but if we question a shot you act like thugs.[10]
 
Are injected monkey and fetal cells really healthy?
Or are they part of the scam that makes drug companies wealthy? [11]
 
When you 'all lay down tonight to say your prayers,
please include all the vaccine victims listed in VAERs. [12]

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